Shutter

Shutter


The shutter not only controls the exact moment when the film is exposed to light but also the duration of the exposure i.e. the amount of light that is admitted . We can use same analogy as we did for the aperture. The length of the time the shutter remains open controls the quantity of light that reaches the film in the same way that the quantity in the container and, equally , doubling the time that the shutter remains open doubles the amount of light admitted to film .

Some shutters generally those on direct vision viewfinder cameras ,fit within or just behind the lens body and use a set of blades which rapidly open or shut. These are called diaphragm , or leaf shutter . the other principal type of shutter the focal plane shutter is found on most single lens reflex cameras and consists two separate blinds positioned just in front of the film . shutter speeds very little between cameras usually the longest time the shutter will automatically remain open for is 1-sec. the briefest exposure may be 1/250 sec. although many single lens reflex cameras have shutter with 1/500 or 1/1000 sec. settings . as well as exposure , shutter speed controls how subject movement records

Using the shutter speed control

Shutter speedring
Shutter speed dial
The positioning and appearance of the shutter speed dial vary according to the two types of shutter . most focal plane shutters have a setting dial on the top of the camera body . the numbers represent fractions of a second “250” is 1/250 sec. most bladed shutter ( direct vision viewfinder ) cameras have a similarly numbered ring around the lens body , near the aperture control.

In both cases the shutter mechanism is tensioned when you wind on the film ready for the next exposure , and fired by pressing the shutter release on the top or front of the camera body . ( simple cameras either have a one speed shutter ,or offer two or three speeds , marked not in times , but say in weather symbols).

Shutter speed settings

B 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 1/100



WATER LEVEL
shutter speeds like “f” numbers decrease in a regular sequence each shutter speed setting is half the previous exposure time . this shared doubling and halving sequence is particularly important when combining aperture and shutter setting .
Set the shutter to ‘B’ (bulb) , and it will remain open for as long as you hold down the shutter release button .



1/250 1/60 1/15

Shutter speed and movement
Shutter speed makes a considerable difference to the way moving subjects record in your pictures. The three pictures above show the same scene taken at , from left to right and right to left , 1/15 sec. 1/60 sec. and 1/250 sec. at the lowest shutter speed ---1/15 sec, -- subject movement has recorded blurred , implying action , but with a loss of detail .the faster times – 1/60 sec. center , and 1/250 sec. right progressively eliminate the blur, revealing detail , but reducing the sense of movement.
At speeds less than 1/60 sec. it is easy to blur the entire image accidentally because you are holding the camera unsteadily . if you want to avoid camera shake and most subject movement blur , keep to speeds of 1/125 sec. and shorter . you can prevent shake at lower speeds by supporting the camera securely , preferably on a tripod.

Bladed and focal plane shutter
Bladed shutter are fitted to direct vision viewfinder cameras and those cameras where the viewing system is such that light need not pass through the lens until exposure . the mechanism is inside the lens body.
On a single lens reflex camera , with through the lens viewing . the shutter is positioned in the camera body , just in front of the film (at the focal plane ) , this means that you can change lenses at any time without exposing the film.
Focal plane shutter have two blinds , which pass in succession in front of the film to give the exposure . the shutter speed dial alters the gap between them – the narrowest gap giving the shortest exposure time .

Migrate to any where

Migrate to any where

Should you take That Transfer?

Agencies,
You’ve been offered that plum role you’ve been vying for, for years. This means a promotion, a higher salary and more perks. But, it also means uprooting and moving 2,000 miles from where you live now. What should you do?
Relocating isn’t easy, yet restricting yourself to a specific location can be professionally confining. Working in different areas of the country (or world) can broaden your horizons and make you amore attractive prospect for future employers. It signals that your company values you and that you take your career seriously. But you should only move for the right reasons. Here are five questions to consider as you decide, “should I stay or should I go?”

1. Does the move make sense financially?
Think through the economic impact the move would have on you and your family.

Relocation costs
Moving is expensive. If buying and selling home is involved, the cost of relocating can easily exceed many people’s annual salaries. What cost will the company be covering? in addition to realtor commissions, moving expenses, mortgage points and closing costs, companies have also been known to offer cash bonuses and lump sum payments to help cover house – hunting trip, temporary housing, storage and other incidentals like vehicle registration, utility installations as well as penalty and processing fees for canceling and re- establishing cable, cell phone, and gym or club memberships.

Compensation vs. cost of living Difference
The cost of food , housing , insurance and property taxes vary greatly depending on local .for example , you may live very well on what you earn here , however , you may be struggling to get by in other places should you relocate. Talk with the locals about expenses unique to the area. You might be surprised.

Your spouse’s/ partner’s job
If you’re a duel – income family, will your significant other be loosing his or her source of income? How easy will it be for he or she to find a job that pays equally well in the new locale?

2. Will the move enhance my career?
Does the job fit your qualifications and aspirations? Will you enjoy the work and find it stimulating? Is there room for growth and advancement? Will the job improve your competencies and help you develop transferable skills? Will you like and work well with the people there? Lastly, is the geographic location a good market for your skills? Should this job go away, how hard would it be to find similar employment with out having to relocate again?

3. Will I like living in this new locale?
Consider the quality of life and whether you’ll be comfortable and happy there. For example if you can’t stand cold weather, you may be miserable in cold places. Or if you’re single, you might want to be in a more cosmopolitan area with plenty of activity and night life.

4. How will this affect my family / relationships?
Will the move take you away from a strong base of family and friends? Will uprooting your kids cause untold despair? Losing your social and support network can be difficult. On the other hand living in other parts of the country or world can foster personal growth. The psychological make-up of your family will make a big difference in whether this move will be viewed as the end of the world or an exciting adventure.

5. What are my alternatives?
What will happen if you say no? Will the company find another assignment for you? Could you commute or work from home? If you elect not to go, will your company provide severance pay / benefits? How long would it take you to find another job? Is there a demand for your skills and experience where you live now –or would you likely have to move to find new employment anyway?
List the pros and cons of each alternative, considering the likely outcomes of each.
Finally listen to your gut and trust your instincts. While it used to be career suicide to turn down a transfer, in today’s highly fluid employment market it is perfectly acceptable and no longer carries a stigma.
On the other hand if you really want to go but the terms they’ve offered are holding you back, don’t be afraid to negotiate a more satisfactory arrangement. the bottom line about relocation is that if a company and an employee want each other badly enough they’ll find some way to make it work, if not it’s probably not meant to be .

Six Ways To Article Ideas

Article ideas can be easy to generate when you first start writing to promote you web site - at least if your site is on a subject you are passionate about. There are things you have been sharing with people for a long time, and now you just start doing that in articles. At some point, though, you'll find yourself thinking, "What should I write about now?" Here are six ways to answer that question.

1. Use your web site pages. When I first started to write to promote my web sites, I just came up with article ideas as I went along. At some point, though, I realized that I had hundreds of pages on my sites that could be made into articles. This was a way to really crank out the articles fast too. If you use this strategy, be sure to sufficiently rewrite the content, so it will be "unique." Search engines don't value "duplicate content as highly. If you have long pages, you can also use the content of a page for two or more articles.

2. Use your own experiences. Think about any experience that you have had that is related to the theme of your web site. There is undoubtedly a lesson in that experience. Use the story and the lesson as a basis for an article. For example, if you have a site on dogs, you could tell the story of your first dog destroying the furniture, and have that as the lead-in for an article on dog training. This is a great way to come up with article ideas, because stories really "hook" the reader.

3. Pick apart your previous articles for new article ideas. I used to write a lot of "ten ways" articles. These are easy to write, but the information for each of the ten items is often very limited. I found that I can often go back and pick out one of these items and make it into an article all on its own. For example, if you have an article on ways to relieve stress, you might have a three-sentence item on deep breathing. Perhaps this could be made into an article. There is certainly more to be said about deep breathing than can be put into three-sentences.

4. Listen to yourself. You know things that most people don't know, and hopefully your web site is based on this knowledge. Suppose you have a website on frugal living. On occasion, your friends would probably ask you how to save money on this or that, and you would find yourself explaining something to them. Write about it! This is a great way to come up with ideas for articles that people really want to read. Any time you explain something to someone, and it's related to your web site theme, you have new article.

5. Ask your visitors. If you have a newsletter, ask your readers what topics they would like to see covered in your pages and articles. If you have a contact form on your web site, you can do the same there. You know there will be demand for a given topic if several visitors ask for it.

6. Use keyword research tools. Using the keyword research tools, like Yahoo's "keyword selector tool" (formerly Overture), is a great way to generate article ideas. Suppose you have a site on hiking and backpacking. Type in a phrase like "backpacking," and you get a list of a hundred related terms, from "backpacking food" to "ultralight backpacking." Not only will these trigger ideas for articles, but you are also sure that there is search traffic for these topics when you get ideas in this way.

The 3 Rules For Writing Articles For Fun And Income!

Writing articles is nothing more than common sense coupled with a spell-checker program and a little imagination. Plus, the 3 Rules I am about to share with you. First, though, let me tell you about how a high school dropout learned how to write by copying former CBS News Anchor, Walter Cronkite and by using his local newspaper. All he did was apply the "3 Rules for Writing Articles".I know you want to know the rules right now, right? First, these are not my rules. These are rules known by all good writers. I didn't invent them. They were taught to me and I simply use them every day.
Here they are:

Rule #1 - "Tell them what you are going to tell them". This, of course, is your headline like my headline - "3 Rules for Writing Articles".

Rule #2 - "Tell them". I am already doing that, right? I started with the first sentence at the beginning of this article and I am telling you right now!

Rule #3 - "Tell them what you told them". This is the summary, a sentence or sentences that bring the whole point of the article into focus to give you something to remember. That comes at the end.What about the high school dropout? He simply took a cheap tape recorder, recorded Mr. Cronkite's newscast every evening, played it back and typed exactly what Mr. Cronkite said. He studied it to see how the three rules applied. He did this over and over and over until he could write his own version of the story. When he felt confident he showed his work to his wife and best friends for critique. He even recorded himself saying the stories into that little recorder, over and over and over. His dream was to be a radio newsman.Our high school dropout also took the daily newspaper and re-wrote lots and lots of stories, reorganizing the facts, creating his own catchy headlines. Most important? He applied the "3 Rules for Writing Articles" to every article. When he had articles he had some confidence in, he showed them to his wife and best friends for critique. He followed the 3 Rules for several months, working on his writing after getting home from his regular factory job in the evenings. He did this for hours and hours and hours. Practice, practice, practice! So, where did all this hard work get him? You will be amazed. Our high school dropout landed a part time job on Sunday mornings as a on-air newsman at a local radio station! His writing and a passable radio voice got him that job. His fellow factory workers laughed at him. Made jokes. "You? C'mon, get real!". But, did he quit there? No! He kept working on his writing and voice delivery. Hours and hours and hours!Within 3 months he was full time on the graveyard shift. He quit the factory job. About 3 months later he was on days, Monday through Friday, in prime afternoon drive-time! Within 2 years he was a local TV News Anchorman! Two years later he was Anchorman and News Director! Now, I must point out another key factor in his success. Many professional broadcasters and writers helped him grow along the way. He was never afraid to ask for help on how to improve his writing and delivery on-air. Pride never got in his way. The pro's were more than willing to offer advice and valuable tips! It was better than a college education. Now, you may be thinking, "Jim made this guy up. This story can't be true". Well, friend, that high school dropout is me! My broadcast news career spanned more than 15 years. I won several national and local news awards. On my main blog (see Author Box), you can see a photo of me posing with Walter Cronkite in a promotional session for my news program. I also have promotional photos with Dan Rather and Diane Sawyer and photos with many other famous people. I have interviewed every type of news maker from Presidents to killers and rubbed elbows with the rich and famous. Am I bragging? Maybe. But, the point is, the "3 Rules for Writing Articles" plus determination and practice helped me to become a successful writer and news reporter. They can help you, too! I have given you the starting point. It's up to you. By the way, you can find other writing guides on my main blog that will help you become an accomplished writer as well. And, in case you have not guessed, that last paragraph is the "Tell them what you told them" rule!

Home based photography

How to Start Home Based Photography business

Some people think it's best not to open their own photography business because they're concerned with failure. Well, this article is going to show you how to start a home based photography business without too much fuss and put you on the right path to success because it really isn't that much of a threat. How to start a home based photography business is something which many budding, intermediate and professional photographers ask themselves sometime in their lives. You'd be surprised how few take the plunge.Of course, with modern technology in the form of SLR digital cameras, you do not even need a room to act as a dark room. You only need to have a personal computer and a photo-editing program. The standard is Adobe Photoshop.Even though the technical skills needed to make a successful photographer have never been easier, other aspects have changed the business. The market for photographs of virtually every type has widened, the world seems to have an insatiable appetite for photographs. However, the price has fallen as the marketing net has broadened. Photographers are needed in many more fields. For instance many people use car web sites, they simply did not exist ten years ago, and they sell their products as a result of photography. Cameras used by scuba diver’s are now an excellent quality, and whilst they are initially expensive, they have forged a new market. People celebrate special occasions more with photography, than they did years ago. The travel and advertising markets have a greater need for landscape, travel and nature shots.Why clutter yourself with equipment you do not need. You can hire equipment on and when you need it basis. You have the freedom to work part time for a while until you can devote yourself full time to photography. All you need to be is a serious photographer. There are two types of photographers that makes their living from photography, the serious photographer and the very serious photographer. How to start a home based photography business is beginning to look that much attractive isn't it?!You can now turn your dream into reality and create a worthwhile business out of an engrossing hobby. However in today’s modern world there is more to it than simply pointing a camera, and shooting a picture. You need to be aware of marketing techniques, and here marketing simply means transferring ownership of a product, in this case an image from a buyer to seller. You also need to be aware of any local gaps in the market in your local area. You should also try to be on top of your competitor’s prices, to undercut an existing photographer is one choice, but to neglect to value your skills and not charge enough to cover your overheads is another matter entirely. Remember this, its an important point.Define what you want from your own photography business. Writing a business plan helps to keep you focused on the areas you specifically want to exploit. A business plan helps you to define your goals and strategies, it will be changed and updated, but it will help you, to keep things in perspective. You can then refer back to it when things become confusing or complicated. Everyone’s business plan will be different, as every objective will be different, but there are certain common factors that make up a good business plan which will help your business grow. It allows you to develop a professional attitude to your business, which not only helps you to increase your earnings, but also help you to finance your business.For the photographer it should include, your business name, or your own, with full details of the proposed location of the business, a copy of your logo, as well as details of your copyright notices. What is the form of your proposed business (sole ownership, partnership, Limited Liability Company or Corporation). This should be followed by a table of contents, which focuses on a logical order. There are resources that will give you further details on this subject such as http://profitable-photography.comYou should include the type of business you intend to pursue, in a fair amount of detail, and it should contain the services you intend to offer. This section should include any future gaols or avenues you would like to explore, stating your clear objectives. This is so you can check at a later date whether your objectives are on course, or if you have got sidetracked.Remember, if you envisage at any time you may need financial help, then you should include your personal business history.It's important you also state a clear and concise marketing plan that should demonstrate how your business will differentiate from the businesses of your competitors. You should be able to establish whom your customers will be, as well as where your market will be, as in wholesale or retail or a combination of both. You should also be able to determine how long this type of market will be available to yourself.The next section should clearly define your opposition, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. This should include the ways you may be able to exploit any gaps in the market in the specific area where you live. A section should follow this on how you intend to market and promote your individual services.A financial segment should be included as to how you intend to manage the day-to-day bills of the business. How you intend to price your services, and what factors influence this pricing structure, which includes a section on your competitor’s financial structures. This means a fair amount of detective work as well as homework. Get your friends to ask for quotes from the local competition. Or try an even more direct approach, tell your competitor’s that you intend to start a new business, and that you do not want to undercut them, as this reduces the cake for everyone. They may well offer to help you construct a pricing structure that ensures everyone’s livelihood. It is in their interests to help. Not everyone will be cooperative, but it may mean you can get a truer picture of the market factors that govern your area and be that much more confident on how to start a home based phtography business..Make a list of all the equipment you will need in your first year, as well as how and where you intend to purchase. Note any difficulties that may arise in obtaining your supplies. Note whether the prices of your supplies have a seasonal fluctuation, that may help you influence you when to buy. You should make a note of any local licenses that will be necessary, as well as any zoning restrictions, that may restrict the growth of your business. Your neighbours may not be thrilled at a procession of customer’s to your door, check whether they can restrict your services. Make a study of all your business insurance requirements.The last segment should be devoted to how you intend to finance the growth of your business, as well as isolating what your financial needs will be. This should include a projection on your future earnings, as well as an accurate assessment of your outgoings’. This should be assessed on a monthly basis for the first year, and on an annual basis for the following three years. An important aspect of the financial statement is an assessment of the break-even point of your business, in other words the minimum you will have to take to pay your expenses.The purpose of this documentation is to allow you to enunciate what the core elements of your photography business will be, in doing this it should help you to be able to quickly evaluate the success of your photography business objectives. If you are not clear on your objectives then you cannot possibly make a plan to bring about the success of those objectives or truly learn how to start a home based photography business.